6th International Congress on
Allergy and Clinical Immunology

The organised provision of medical care to persons and communities is referred to as healthcare. Businesses that provide medical services, manufacture medical equipment or medications, provide medical insurance, or otherwise enable the delivery of healthcare to patients make up the healthcare industry. Healthcare, because of its vastness and diversity, welcomes new workers with a wide range of talents, interests, and personalities. People who work in this area, on the whole, have a desire to help others and academic interests in math and science.

Clinical immunology has grown from serological testing for the presence of antigens to a multidimensional discipline that employs a variety of traditional techniques as well as several newer, more sensitive assay technologies. However, it still entails assessing the patients' immune systems and, as a result, their ability to respond to antigenic stimuli. With the advancement of technology, new instruments have been developed to diagnose infectious, autoimmune, and allergy illnesses.

Cells, tissues, and organs make up the system, which aids the body in fighting infections and other ailments. Immune disease is a condition that affects or causes the system to malfunction. Autoimmune illness occurs when the immune system becomes overactive, causing the body to attack and damage its own tissues.

• Depending on whether immune system components are compromised

• Whether the immune system is overactive or underactive

• Whether the illness is hereditary or acquired

Viruses infect millions of people each year, causing significant illness and posing a public health danger worldwide. Limiting the impact of viral infection needs a multi-layered understanding of viral immunity, from basic research on viral identification and host immune response to clinical applications of new antiviral and host-targeted medicines and vaccines. Despite recent advances, the mechanisms underlying rapid host healing as well as severe and fatal sickness outcomes remain unknown.

An autoimmune condition is an uncommon or common immune reaction to a working part. These diseases will have pathological characteristics that identify them as autoimmune disorders. Damage or eradication of tissues when an aberrant immune reaction occurs, changed organ growth, and altered organ function, depending on the position of the disease, are examples of such impacts. The signs and symptoms of an illness can vary depending on its classification.

Vaccination is the delivery of a vaccine into the body. Immunisation is the process that occurs within the body shortly after a vaccine. Immunization works by boosting the immune system's ability to fight illnesses. The immune system of a vaccinated person will respond more efficiently to certain infections if they are exposed to them.

• Inactivated vaccines

• Live-attenuated vaccinations

• vaccinations with conjugates

• Vaccines against toxoids

Antibody-Medication Conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of very effective biological medicines that are created by permanently or labile linking a small molecule anticancer drug or another therapeutic agent to an antibody. The antibody is designed to recognise a specific antigen found only on target cells. It causes the antibody and medication to be internalised when it binds to a cell. This maximises efficacy while avoiding systemic exposure and negative effects.

This is supported by our understanding of immunometabolic pathways that span patients with infection and cancer. Data from case series and retrospective investigations, on the other hand, do not provide a consistent conclusion, since data from China show an increased incidence of COVID-19, while data from the US and Italy show a prevalence of COVID-19 in cancer patients that is comparable to the general population. In the most severe cases, both cancer and COVID-19 exploit different patterns of macrophage activation to speed up disease progression.

Patients with cancer and active autoimmune disorders (ADs) have been excluded from immunotherapy clinical trials because of the significant risk of serious adverse events as a result of their preexisting ADs deteriorating. According to an increasing body of research, immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may be safe and effective in this patient population. On the other hand, baseline corticosteroids and other nonselective immunosuppressants have a negative influence on drug efficacy, however retrospective and case report data suggest that specialised immunosuppressants may not have the same effect.

Cancer is a collection of diseases in which cells behave abnormally and reproduce rapidly, eventually spreading to other parts of the body. Cancer cells become so changed that immune cells recognise them as alien pathogens and mount a specific immune response against them. Furthermore, cancer cells, like viruses, can evade immune surveillance and suppress anti-tumour immune responses. The investigation and regulation of this dynamic interaction between cancer and immune cells has laid the foundation for a novel cancer therapy method.

Antiretroviral therapy could be replaced with therapeutic vaccines and broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs). Although therapeutic vaccinations have been proven to temporarily lower viral load during analytic treatment interruptions (ATIs), none have been able to achieve long-term remission. It may be useful to combine vaccination efficacy with latency reversal medicines and immune modulators. bNAbs are being explored as a viable strategy to achieve long-term virologic control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. To maximise overall coverage breadth and efficacy while limiting resistance formation, antibody combinations are required. The next generation of antibodies includes engineered bispecific and trispecific antibodies that target two or three different viral sites.

Inflammation is a part of the body's heightened biological response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and it can be a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. Allergy is your body's reaction to a foreign chemical that isn't damaging to you. Allergens refer to these foreign particles. Reduced exposure to known allergens, as well as the use of antihistamines and steroids, are among the treatments for allergies.

Natural (innate) immunity is named after the fact that it is present from birth and does not require learning through infection. As a result, it can react fast to intruders from another planet. On the other hand, its components deal with all extraterrestrial invaders in the same way. They only recognise a restricted number of identifying compounds used by foreign intruders (antigens). On the other hand, these antigens are found on a wide range of invaders. In contrast to acquired immunity, innate immunity has no recollection of the interactions, does not recognise specific foreign antigens, and does not give long-term protection from infection. White blood cells implicated in innate immunity include monocytes (which mature into macrophages), neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. Each category has a certain function. Innate immunity also involves mast cells, the complement system, and cytokines.

The mother's immune system is critical for a healthy pregnancy to begin, maintain, and finish. However, the specific techniques used to achieve these goals are unknown. The cells and molecules of the immune system play a crucial role in the creation and function of the placenta and the foetus. The effector cells of the immune system simultaneously drive and inhibit placental development. During pregnancy, the immunological shift between T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) is well known. We also go over the symptoms of a weaker maternal immune system during pregnancy, such as increased vulnerability to viral, bacterial, and parasite infections.

Immune homeostasis, inflammation, and the coordination of complicated disease responses all rely on myeloid cells. We continue to discover how the roles of a variety of myeloid cell types and subsets underpin both beneficial immune responses and unwanted disease, which has long been known to be part of the body's initial responses to infection. We will cover granulopoiesis, intracellular and intercellular communication, regulatory mechanisms, and how these basic biological processes intersect with autoimmune, inflammation, metabolism, and cancer in this Express symposium.

Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction triggered by exposure to an allergen such as venom, food, or medication. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lungs' airways. Asthma is typically brought on by a combination of hereditary and environmental causes. Air pollution and allergies are examples of environmental influences. Variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow blockage, and readily induced bronchospasms are all signs of this condition.

Neuroinflammatory processes worsen many central nervous system diseases. They include complex interactions between the immune system and brain cells, and are mediated by intrinsic and extrinsic immune effector cells and substances. Furthermore, as study and technology in the field progress, new findings have inspired deeper inquiry into the concepts of neuroimmunology. According to research into Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and multiple sclerosis, neuroinflammation is a significant component of the central nervous system (CNS) disease trajectory. Genetics, the microbiome, and the blood-brain barrier can all influence multicellular responses to CNS damage and disease. The immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) are now known to communicate actively in order to modify both central and peripheral immune responses.

A food allergy is an aberrant immunological response to food or an unpleasant system response to food. Cow's milk, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, fish, tree nuts, soy, wheat, and rice are common allergen foods. Itching, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhoea, hives, difficulty breathing, and low blood pressure are all possible symptoms.

A drug allergy is an immune system reaction to a medication that is aberrant. The majority of people are allergic to penicillin and other antibiotics. Sulfa medications, barbiturates, and anti-seizure drugs are among the other pharmaceuticals that have been linked to allergies.

• Rashes on the skin

• Itchy skin or eyes

• Inflammation of the mouth and throat

The system, like many other systems in the body, isn't entirely functional at birth, putting us at danger of infection. In comparison to adults, youth have a weaker immunological response. Increased susceptibility to infections and lower responses to immunizations that are effective in adults arise from immune system depletion. Allergies, autoimmune diseases, primary immune deficiency disorders, and acquired deficiency disorders are all common in children's immunology.

The way viruses store their genomic information, which can be either DNA or double-stranded RNA, distinguishes them. One example is positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, which constitute a crucial aspect of the virus's infectious cycle. Hepatitis A and Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are two +ssRNA viruses that cause coronavirus and hepatitis A, respectively. Positive-strand RNA viruses are a group of viruses that have single-stranded, positive-sense ribonucleic acid genomes. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and be translated into viral proteins directly by the host cell's ribosomes.

Oral Allergy Syndrome is a form of food allergy characterised by an accumulation of allergic reactions in the mouth and throat as a result of eating specific fruits, nuts, and vegetables. It is most common in adults with hay fever. OAS can strike at any time of year, but it is more common during pollen season. OAS patients typically experience symptoms within minutes of ingesting the dish. Allergic reactions in OAS sufferers frequently happen quickly, within minutes of ingesting a trigger food.